How would Severus know that Quirrell is in fact carrying Voldemort around rather than just acting for himself?
I dunno that he would. That's what he tells Bellatrix, anyway (that he thought it was only Quirrell) and there must be some truth to that statement if he expected it to satisfy her, not to mention satisfy Voldemort. If Dumbledore knew or strongly suspected, on the one hand he might have been remiss not to tell Severus (but then, that's Dumbles' M.O.), but on the other it may well have worked to protect him.
I dunno that he would. That's what he tells Bellatrix, anyway (that he thought it was only Quirrell) and there must be some truth to that statement if he expected it to satisfy her, not to mention satisfy Voldemort. If Dumbledore knew or strongly suspected, on the one hand he might have been remiss not to tell Severus (but then, that's Dumbles' M.O.), but on the other it may well have worked to protect him.