I don't have much to offer for most of the information you're looking for, but as far as medical emergencies. There are a few of us with magic who, if something happens too far from the medical facilities, can port to someone and usually stabilize them enough for transport. Sometimes it's just immobilization, sometimes further, stasis almost.
But emergency provisions that even the muggles can use probably isn't a bad idea anyway, who knows if we'll always be around or notice the distress call.