librarian2003 (librarian2003) wrote in weagardening, @ 2010-11-16 00:12:00 |
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Current mood: | cold |
Week 7
Our topics for Week 7 were Damask and Gallica Roses; Topiary; and Bonsai. That's a big agenda! It's a big post, too, so I'll have to split it in two.
Here is the handout for the roses:
GARDENING FOR PLEASURE
Plant of the Week : Roses
Gallica Roses and Damask Roses
1 Gallica roses
Gallica roses are descended from Rosa gallica, a wild rose native to southern and central Europe, Asia Minor and the Middle East. It was one of the prime ancestors of modern garden roses and formed the foundation of mainstream rose breeding.
The oldest known form, R. gallica 'Officinalis', the Apothecary's Rose, was introduced into France from the Near East about the early 14th Century. It was originally grown for medicinal use in the form of rose-petal syrups or conserves and later formed the basis of a rose-petal industry. It is also known as the Red Rose of Lancaster and from it came the famous sport 'Rosa Mundi' (R. gallica 'Versicolor'). Later hybrids were raised in the 18th - 19th century and most Gallicas grown today date from this period.
Rosa gallica was one of the parents of the Damask roses.
This group of roses has had considerable influence in the creation of today’s more modern cultivars. Although generally only once flowering there are some incredibly beautiful roses amongst them, and they are also important historically. It is believed that many of them arrived in Europe on the ships of the Crusaders of the12th and 13th centuries. The Empress Josephine collected many Gallicas as part of her famous collection in the gardens of Malmaison.
Gallica Cultivars
‘Agatha’ (Rosa x francofurtana) This very beautiful rose is highly scented, mid to pale pink with a deeper centre. More vigorous and perfumed than its close relative ‘Empress Josephine’. Arching, relatively thorn free growth. Summer flowering 5 x 4' Origin unknown
‘Agathe Incarnata’ Medium sized, fully double flowers with a tissue paper texture to the petals, in clusters, soft pink, highly scented. Tidy growth habit. Summer flowering. 4 x 4' Origin unclear but circa 1800
‘Alain Blanchard’ Large flowers of semi-single form in clusters weighty enough to cause branches to bend and arch. Crimson smudged purple with a central coronet of bright amber stamens. Dark foliage. Tolerates difficult places. 4 x 4' VIBERT France 1839
‘Anais Ségalas’ A shorter member of the Gallicas. Branching and dense. Flowers are well formed, nearly always perfect, double pinkish-crimson and highly scented. A good choice of Gallica for a pot. 3 x 3' VIBERT France 1837
‘Antonia d'Ormois’ Fully double, cupped flowers of soft blush pink paling with age to almost white especially at the petal edges. Slightly later flowering than most other Gallicas. Scented. 5 x 3' FRANCE (From the Roseraie de l’hay collection) PRE 1848
‘Assemblage des Beautés’ Double bright crimson flowers deepen with age to near purple. They are freely borne on a compact plant with rich dark green foliage and relatively few thorns. A good variety. 4 x 3' FRANCE c.1823
‘Belle de Crécy’ A free flowering nearly thornless bush with grey green leaves. Beautiful bright pink and mauve flowers, fading with age to dull purple, have a green central eye with a distinctive scent. Quite beautiful. 4 x 3’ HARDY France 1829
‘Belle Isis’ Fully double, flat delicate pink blooms. Nicely scented. Growth is upright and tidy with ample grey-green foliage. One of the parents of Constance Spry. 4 x 3' PARMENTIER Belgium 1845
‘Boule de Nanteuil’ Fully double deep pink to cerise flowers with silver overtones. Very fragrant. Upright growth clothed in dark foliage. Tolerant of shade and poor soil.
4 x 3' ROESER France 1834
‘Camaieux’ A beautiful distinctive rose. Striking, pale pink double blooms are striped with purplish-crimson on arching stems although the plant remains bushy. Very fragrant. Summer flowering but a useful candidate for a pot. 3 x 3' VIBERT France 1830
‘Cardinal de Richelieu’ Rich, velvety, deep purple flowers with in-furled petals at the centre on a compact bush. Scented and a good candidate for a pot. One of the better Gallicas to choose for a hedge. 4 x 3' LAFFAY France c.1840
‘Charles de Mills’ syn Bizarre Triomphant Unique colouring, combining a mixture of purples and deep reds. Very double blooms with the petals swirling around a sometimes visible central green eye. 4 x 4' UNCERTAIN ORIGIN, but probably introduced c 1790.
‘Complicata’ An exceptional shrub that behaves well on light sandy soils. Very vigorous, with long arching branches with single flowers of bright pink with softer pink at their centres and gold stamens. Effective as a pillar or climbing rose. 10 x 6' Origin unknown
‘Conditorum’ (‘The Hungarian Rose’) One of the oldest Gallicas, this is a very useful rose, albeit once flowering. Open flowers of rich, ruby-red with bright stamens are borne abundantly in clusters on a tidy, well foliated plant. 4 x 3' FRANCE
‘Cosimo Ridolfi’ Flowers cupped at first, opening flat and fully double. Shadowy lilac pink in colour and delightfully scented. Not very widely grown but should be. 3 x 3' VIBERT France 1842
‘Cramoisi Picoté’ Deep crimson very double flowers, mottled with purple are small and pompon like. Upright but compact growth and very few thorns. Summer flowering but tidy enough to make a useful pot grown specimen. 3 x 2' VIBERT France 1834
‘D'Aguesseau’ A compact, upright and bushy rose, bright crimson with deeper shadings. Fully double and quartered with a central green eye. 4 x 3' VIBERT France 1823
‘De la Mâitre d'Ecole’ Fully double flowers of an unusual mixture of lilac, pink and grey opening flat and quartered. 3 x 3' MIELLEZ France 1840
‘Duc de Guiche’ An outstanding Gallica. Highly scented, large,double flowers with swirling petals of rich raspberry pink to crimson around a central green button eye. Growth is arching. Summer flowering and capable of growing in shade and in poor soils. 4 x 4’ PREVOST 1835
‘Duchesse d'Angoulême’ Quite outstandingly beautiful delicate blush pink, double, scented flowers freely produced rather early in the summer. A very useful shorter yet vigorous variety and for cutting. 4 x 3' VIBERT France 1835
‘Duchesse de Montebello’ The fragrant, fully double almost quartered flowers are a soft, powdery pink, produced on a tidy, upright plant. Tolerates shade where its colour is often richer. 4 x 3' LAFFAY France 1829
‘Empress Josephine’ Large, blowsy, semi-double, deep pink flowers heavily veined in shades of lighter pink and mauve. Scented, with ample foliage and relatively few thorns. Although it is inclined to be somewhat sprawly it is never the less a very good healthy rose. Summer flowering. 4 x 3' Early 19th century
‘Georges Vibert’ Various colours are present in the stripes of this rose from deep pinks and carmine to purple, fully double and scented. A tidy compact rose suitable for the small garden or pot. Summer flowering. 3 x 3' ROBERT France 1853
‘Gloire de France’ Very double, medium sized, pale to mid pink flowers, with creased inner petals fade in strong sun and as they mature. They are produced in great profusion. A low-growing slightly spreading variety. 3 x 4' PRE 1819
‘Henri Fouquier’ Double pure pink with many petals, outer petals reflexing while those at the centre crowd round a neat green eye. Almost free of thorns. Ideal for the smaller garden although it can be sprawly in nature. Scented. 4 x 4' Early 19th C
‘Hippolyte’ Flowers exquisitely formed, magenta purple, with soft highlights in the centre and tinges of dusky pink. Clusters of blooms are borne on long stems often arching downwards infuriatingly but “well worth the effort of standing on one's head to view the plant.” 4 x 4' Raiser unknown Early 19th century
Ipsilanté A lovely, pale lilac-pink. This rose deserves more attention, it almost embodies all that is old roses. The fully double flowers are large, quartered and scented, borne in small clusters or sometimes singly. 4 x 3' VIBERT France 1821
‘James Mason’ A beautiful Gallica seedling with large, 5” flowers of rich bright crimson and a pronounced coronet of golden anthers. Almost a red form of “Nevada”. Highly scented with profuse flowering in mid June. A good hedging rose. 5 x 4' BEALES UK 1982
‘La Belle Sultane’ (‘Rosa Gallica Violacea’). Deep crimson with hints of violet purple, semi-single blooms on a tall upright bush. At the centre of each flower is a magnificent circle of golden stamens. 5 x 4' Supposed to have originated in Holland in the 1700's or earlier.
‘Marcel Bourgouin’ Rich, deep red and purple. sometimes with violet mottlings. Velvety petals surrounding bright yellow stamens. Fragrant. 4 x 3' CORBOEUF-MARSAULT France 1899
‘Nanette’ Bright crimson flowers are streaked and smudged with purple and open flat to reveal a green eye. A short bushy cultivar with almost thornless stems. Ideal for growing in a pot or for the smaller garden. 3 x 3'. Date and origin unknown
‘Nestor’ A refined old rose. The overall colour is magenta but varying with weather and soils, from deeper pink to mauve. Fully double sometimes rather cluttered blooms. Relatively thornless. 4 x 3' Raiser unknown.c.1846
‘Oeillet Flamand’ Vigorous plant producing abundant striped and smudged double blooms of white and pink. Upright strong growth. Copes with poor soils. 4 x 3' VIBERT France 1845.
‘Ohl’ A medium, upright growing plant with strong stems with few thorns Well scented, fully double flowers of deep crimson petering out to violet at the edge. 4 x 3' VIBERT France 1830
‘Orpheline de Juillet’ Flowers large, double, crimson-purple with red at the petal’s base, ageing to violet grey. Growth is erect 4 x 3' Of unknown origin but likely to be French and pre 1837
‘Pompon de Panachée’ A small-growing, twiggy plant that is upright with shapely, fully double flowers, white to off white with stripes in varying shades of pink to greyish lilac. Leaves are paler than most. 3 x 2' ROBERT AND MOREAU France 1835
‘Président de Sèze’ (‘Mme.Hébert’). An unusual mixture of pink, magenta and lilac, paler towards the edge, fully double flowers. Well shaped and scented. More thorny than many of its group. Could be grown in a pot. 4 x 3' HEBERT France c.1836
‘Rosa gallica officinalis’ (‘Red rose of Lancaster’, ‘The Apothecary’s Rose’, ‘Rose of Provins’). Flowers of deep pink to cerise are a layer more than single with golden stamens. Growth is upright and bushy though the weight of the flowers can cause the branches to bow. Of great antiquity and historically valued. 3 x 3’ Of great antiquity
‘Rosa Mundi’ (‘Rosa gallica versicolor’). One of the most famous old roses. The semi-double blooms are large and open with splashes of pink and white on a crimson background. Said to be named after Fair Rosamund, mistress to Henry 11. A sport of Rosa gallica officinalis identical in most respects except colour of bloom. 3 x 3’ Origin obscure but of great age
‘Scharlachglut’ (‘Scarlet Fire’). An abundance of large, rich, scarlet-crimson single flowers with pronounced golden stamens in mid summer. Large urn-shaped hips carried throughout most of the winter. Can be grown as a climber against a wall. 10 x 6' KORDES Germany 1952
‘Sissinghurst Castle’ (‘Rose des Maures’). Likely to be a very old rose of rich, deep crimson to maroon. Semi-double and slightly fragrant. Slight stems with thorns of little significance. Rediscovered in the grounds of the castle of its name and re-introduced by Sackville-West. 3 x 3' Re-introduced UK 1947
‘Surpasse Tout’ A compact plant bearing medium-sized, double flowers of rich carmine. Fragrant but rather unwieldy in growth. Its origin is obscure 3 x 3' PRE 1832
‘Tuscany’ (‘Old Velvet Rose’) Extremely ancient. Flowers are semi-double, crimson bordering on purple, the petals have a velvety sheen and surround a halo of golden stamens. Upright growth. 3 x 3’ PRE 1596
‘Tuscany Superb’ Deepest crimson purple blooms accentuated by the brightness of the stamens. 4 x 3' W.PAUL UK 1848
‘Tricolore’ (‘Reine Marguerite’) Pink with lilac tinged edges and mottled white flowers are shapely and full. A strong growing, upright plant. 4 x 3' LAHAYE PÈRE France 1827
‘Tricolore de Flandre’ Similar to ‘Camaieux’ but with heavier streaks in deeper more purple tones Fully double and reflexed. Ideal for the small garden 3 x 2' VAN HOUTTE Belgium 1846
‘Velutinaeflora’ Deep pink to purple, heavily veined, single flowers are fragrant with obvious stamens. Tidy enough for a small garden or even a pot and tolerant of both shade and poor soil. 3 x 3' Origin and date unclear
2 Damask roses
Damask roses are divided into two groups - Summer (early flowering) and Autumn (recurrent flowering). The original summer Damask, Rosa damascena, is said to be the result of a cross between R. gallica and R. phoenicea which is from Syria and not hardy in Britain. R. damascena was highly prized from classical times as the main source of rose-water and later for 'attar of roses'. Today R. damascena 'Trighintipetala' (Kazanlik Rose) is widely grown in Bulgaria for the rose perfume industry.
The Autumn Damask, Rosa x bifera 'Quatre Saisons', also known as the Four Seasons Rose, is believed to be either a sport of the Summer Damask, or the result of a cross between R. gallica and R. moschata which is from the Himalayas. It was an important parent in 19th century rose breeding because of its prolonged flowering habit.
Rose damascena is thought to be an ancestor of the Alba group.
The Damask roses are closely linked to the Gallicas. It is not certain when they first arrived in Europe but it is clear that they existed here in the Roman Era. In a range of pastel colours they have some of the strongest and most expensive scents. With only a couple of exceptions they flower only once and have a robust disposition. They are probably best placed in the mixed shrubbery or summer flowering border.
‘Belle Amour’ Salmon to blush pink flowers with almost wavy petals that frame bright stamens at their centre. Tolerates poor soil well. 5 x 3’ Discovered by Nancy LINDSAY in 1950
‘Blush Damask’ A sweet, very pretty little rose of pale pink with deeper centres. Highly scented. Sprawling in habit. Could make a hedge where one of more natural style is desired. Tolerant of most soils. 4 x 3' Likely to be very old
‘Botzaris’ Fully double, quartered and flat flowers of creamy white. Sweet damask scent. 4 x 3' Raiser UNKNOWN 1856
‘Celsiana’ Clusters of semi-double, slightly untidy, rose pink flowers with a very heady perfume. This old rose has a fairly tidy habit making it easier to contain in the garden than some Damasks. Tolerates poor soil. 5 x 4' Pre 1750
‘Gloire de Guilan’ Very double, flat flowers arranged in quarters are clear pink and very fragrant. Flowers earlier than many damasks. Can be lax in growth so benefits from support. 6 x 4' An old rose reintroduced in 1949
‘Ispahan’ Produces blooms over a long season. Semi-double, bright pink, unfading flowers. Extremely fragrant. Would make a good hedge and will cope in soil that is lacking. 4 x 3' Pre 1832
‘Kazanlik’ (‘Trigintipetala’). A vigorous rose with soft textured petals of warm pink. Very highly scented. Ideal for pot pourri. Still used today for the properties of its rose oil. Best if given support. Tolerates shade and inferior soil. 5 x 4' Date unknown but very ancient
‘La Ville de Bruxelles’ Large, full, pure pink blooms with quartering and infurling centres on a strong, healthy, upright plant. Scented. 5 x 3' VIBERT France 1849
‘Léda’ (‘Painted Damask’) Blush pink to white, double flowers with interesting crimson markings on the edges of the petals, almost as though they had been titivated with a brush. A tidy, compact plant with mid green, soft to touch foliage. Tidy enough to be accommodated in a pot. 3 x 3' Early 19th century
‘Mme. Hardy’ One of the outstanding and best known of the old garden roses. Blooms are well shaped, very double with infurled petals at their centres around a green eye. Almost pure white. Growth strong. Very fragrant. Tolerant of all but the very poorest of soil. 5 x 5' HARDY France 1832
‘Marie Louise’ Glowing pink, double flowers with a strong perfume. A compact, bushy variety with not a huge quantity of thorns. 4 x 3' Raiser not known. c.1813
‘Omar Khayyam’ Propagated from a plant on Edward Fitzgerald's grave in Suffolk, having been planted there in 1893 from seeds gathered from a plant at Omar Khayyam's tomb in Nishapur. The medium-sized, light pink blooms are quartered fully double and highly prized for their perfume. Foliage is grey and downy to touch.
3 x 3'
‘Quatre Saisons’ (‘Rosa damascena bifera’, ‘Autumn Damask’). Thought to be a hybrid between Rosa gallica and Rosa moschata. A very old rose with full, double, cupped and quartered flowers of clear silvery-pink. It is most useful for its repeat flowering in the late summer. Highly scented. One of the oldest roses but still very relevant in today’s gardens. Tolerates poor soil and useful as a hedge. 4 x 3'
‘St. Nicholas’ Semi-double blooms of rose pink and prominent anthers. Sweetly scented. Will produce hips after the flowers. Repeat flowering. 3 x 3' JAMES UK 1950
‘York and Lancaster’ (Rosa damascena versicolor) Blush white flowers, striped or mottled with pink but in varying degrees, whilst some blooms are almost half white to one side and pink to the other there are also those in just one colour or only lightly marked by the second. Needs a little molly coddling to do really well. Probably more of a collector's piece than of real garden merit. Repeat flowering. 5 x 4' Pre.1551
Jo Hanslip
November 2010
Here are the images:
Gallica and Damask Roses
(continued)
Jo