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There are many and some of them can be confusing, so you'll be better suited to taking specific questions to a physician. But here's the basics.
1. Abstinence is just not having sexual encounters of any kind.
2. Birth control implant, where they insert a little rod into the arm. It releases a hormone that prevents pregnancy and can last up to three years.
3. Birth control patch, which sticks to your skin. You stick a new one on your skin, usually your buttocks, stomach, back or outer arm once a week for three weeks in a row. And no patch a fourth week.
4. Pills. Like any other pill, but these are tricky because you have to remember to take them every day at the same time. They come in 21 or 28 day packs and you don't take any pills the 4th week before starting the new pack.
5. A shot that lasts for three months.
6. A sponge. The sponge is inserted into the vagina and it prevents sperm from joining the egg, and releases a thing called spermicide that keeps sperm from moving.
7. Vaginal ring. You insert the ring into the vagina once a month for three weeks. There's also a variation called a cervical cap, where a silicone cup is inserted into the vagina and needs to be used with a spermicide cream or jelly as well. And then the diaphragm which is inserted into the vagina and can be effective up to 2 years.
8. Condoms, they go on the penis and is best used for any type of sexual activity with a partner that hasn't been tested for STIs. They prevent most infections and pregnancy. If you don't know how to put one on I can demonstrate and let you practice on a banana or something. - There's also a female based condom, it's a little pouch inserted into the vagina and can be used for.. vaginal and anal intercourse. It collects pre-cum and semen when your partner ejaculates and keeps the sperm from entering the vagina. They also reduce sexually transmitted infections.
9. IUD. It's a little T-shaped device inserted into the uterus and can last for several years. You can get specifics from a physician.